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Franks, M. Amankwaah, Katherene Osei-Boadi Anguah, Ashley Jacobs, Blake L. Dietary intake in the lower Mississippi delta region: results from the Foods of Our Delta Study. Long-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. Wing, Terry Davidson, Leonard Epstein, Bret Goodpaster, Kevin D. K. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, June Stevens, Victor J. Protein and fat intakes overlapped among the groups. (2014) Efficacy of higher protein diets for long-term weight control. Effects of total fat intake on body weight. Halldorsson, A. 02-5215. Participants Our goal was to recruit 800 overweight and obese subjects (400 at each site), of whom about 40% would be men. (2014) Differences in weight loss and health outcomes among African Americans and whites in multicentre trials. Mordes, Chao Liu, Shuhang Xu. Minniti, G. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28:1, 38-43. Wong, M. Dhurandhar. (2015) The effect of a low-energy food foam on appetite measures during a 1-day reduced-energy meal plan. (2016) Diets High in Fat or Fructose Differentially Modulate Bone Health and Lipid Metabolism. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. Attendance at group sessions was associated with adherence to the fat and protein goals only in the high-protein and low-fat groups ( Figure 4 ). Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained ( idiopathic ) weight loss. McCarthy. 4, and 10. (2015) Sorghum: An Underutilized Cereal Whole Grain with the Potential to Assist in the Prevention of Chronic Disease. Endoluminal Procedures for the Treatment and Management of Bariatric Patients. CrossRef 25 Prapimporn Chattranukulchai Shantavasinkul, Philip Omotosho, Leonor Corsino, Dana Portenier, Alfonso Torquati. (2016) Meta-analysis of variance: an illustration comparing the effects of two dietary interventions on variability in weight. Thus, two diets were low-fat and two were high-fat, and two were average-protein and two were high-protein, constituting a two-by-two factorial design. Williams, Rachel C. (2014) Weight loss maintenance in overweight subjects on ad libitum diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index: the DIOGENES trial 12-month results. (2015) Obesity: Lifestyle management, bariatric surgery, drugs, and the therapeutic exploitation of gut hormones. CrossRef 23 Sunita M. (2016) Surgical Weight Loss and Atrial Fibrillation. (2016) Behavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity. Raubenheimer, S. Whelton, J. CrossRef 157 Harry Preuss, Jeffrey Preuss. Kuchenbecker, Annemieke Hoek. 2015. C. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 63:25, 2985-3023. Losses from the gastrointestinal can occur because of symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, as well as fistulae and stomas. Thompson. M. (2014) Differences in Weight Loss Across Different BMI Classes:A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Interventions with Diet and Exercise. 2015. (2016) Randomized clinical trial of portion-controlled prepackaged foods to promote weight loss. Kramer. Brown. 2017. Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets. CrossRef 36 A. (2015) An energy-reduced dietary pattern, including moderate protein and increased nonfat dairy intake combined with walking promotes beneficial body composition and metabolic changes in women with excess adiposity: a randomized comparative trial. W. Daumit. CrossRef 20 Yoriko Heianza, Wenjie Ma, Tao Huang, Tiange Wang, Yan Zheng, Steven R. Thus, we recognized the need for a large trial that would be designed to overcome the limitations of previous trials and that would compare the effects of three principal dietary macronutrients. Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming. (2016) Complex Relationships Between Food, Diet, and the Microbiome. gov number, NCT00072995. Gosby, A. Cavanaugh, W. (2014) Weight reduction and maintenance with IQP-PV-101: A 12-week randomized controlled study with a 24-week open label period. (2014) Eat for Life: A Work Site Feasibility Study of a Novel Mindfulness-Based Intuitive Eating Intervention. (2016) Food preferences and weight change during low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. Millen, Cathy A. Scott Lapinski, Mariana Lazo, John H. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 28, 547-552. CrossRef 53 Deborah L. Buniak, Louis J. Participants had to be 30 to 70 years of age and have a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 25 to 40. CrossRef 194 Arne Astrup, Jennie Brand-Miller. CrossRef 113 Lee Hooper, Nicole Martin, Asmaa Abdelhamid, George Davey Smith, Lee Hooper. (2015) Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial of five different diets. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss. (2016) Gut Microbiota and Lifestyle Interventions in NAFLD. (2015) Medications for weight loss. KALMAN. Alfredo Martinez, Santiago Navas-Carretero, Wim H. CrossRef 15 Danny Weathers, Jennifer Christie Siemens, Steven W. J. CrossRef 138 R. (2015) Personality, attrition and weight loss in treatment seeking women with obesity. (2016) A Review of Population-Level Actions Targeting Reductions in Food Portion Sizes to Address Obesity and Related Non-communicable Diseases. (2016) Effects of diet composition on weight loss, metabolic factors and biomarkers in a 1-year weight loss intervention in obese women examined by baseline insulin resistance status. The project staff of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute also participated in the development of the protocol, monitoring of progress, interpretation of results, and critical review of the manuscript. Pace, Sheila E. Jonnalagadda, Michael Larsen, Christopher C. The participants were eager to lose weight and to attempt whatever type of diet they were assigned, and they did well in screening interviews and questionnaires that evaluated their motivation. Saris, Arne Astrup. Effect of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Popular diets and over-the-counter dietary aids and their effectiveness in managing obesity. Krumhar. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 581-604. Wingard, Sara Wilcox, Edward A. CrossRef 112 Ulf Elbelt, Tatjana Schuetz, Nina Knoll, Silke Burkert. Johnson, Linda C. (2016) NAFLD and liver transplantation: Current burden and expected challenges. Millen, Cathy A. Reynolds, T. ) Full Text of Discussion. CrossRef 119 Harry Preuss, Dallas Clouatre. CrossRef 54 Roger A. CrossRef 154 Megan A. E. CrossRef 133 H P F Peters, W P Koppenol, E A H Schuring, S L Abrahamse, D J Mela. CrossRef 177 Megan L Gow, Mandy Ho, Tracy L Burrows, Louise A Baur, Laura Stewart, Melinda J Hutchesson, Chris T Cowell, Clare E Collins, Sarah P Garnett. Conigrave, D. Wu. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Blinding was maintained by the use of similar foods for each diet. Telem, Darragh Herlihy, Kathryn Cottell, Aurora D. Levels of serum lipids, glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin were measured at the clinical laboratory at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Effects of moderate variations in macronutrient composition on weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in obese, insulin-resistant adults. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 35, 81-92. A. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Tapsell. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Most of the weight loss occurred in the first 6 months. Li, P. CrossRef 207 Sophie Hawkesworth, Andrew M. Genotype Modifies Effect of a Weight-Loss Diet on 2-Year Changes of Insulin Resistance: The POUNDS LOST Trial. CrossRef 89 (2015) Obesity and reproduction: a committee opinion. Hu, L. (2014) Executive summary: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. CrossRef 85 Tao Huang, Frank B Hu. Blood pressure was measured with the use of an automated device (HEM-907XL, Omron). The American Journal of Medicine 127, 1242. CrossRef 100 Preeshila Behary, Jaimini Cegla, Tricia M. E. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health and Disease Prevention, 327-340. The ratio of urinary microalbumin to creatinine was more than 30 in five participants in the average-protein group and in five participants in the high-protein group at 6 months and in seven participants, all in the average-protein groups, at 2 years. (2016) Two-year changes in circulating adiponectin, ectopic fat distribution and body composition in response to weight-loss diets: the POUNDS Lost Trial. (2016) Genetic variation of fasting glucose and changes in glycemia in response to 2-year weight-loss diet intervention: the POUNDS LOST trial. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. (2015) The diet-heart hypothesis, obesity and diabetes. The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels. Ebbeling. 2015. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68:23, 2505-2507. (2014) Personalized nutrition and obesity. (2016) The effects on weight loss and gene expression in adipose and hepatic tissues of very-low carbohydrate and low-fat isoenergetic diets in diet-induced obese mice. Jouret, R. Media in This Article Poll Results Contributors Figure 1 Mean Change in Body Weight and Waist Circumference from Baseline to 2 Years According to Dietary Macronutrient Content. (2014) Metabolic syndrome and lifestyle modification. It is therefore not surprising that attendance at group sessions was strongly related to adherence to high-protein or low-fat goals but not to the goals in the average-protein or high-fat groups. (2015) Self-Directed Weight Loss Strategies: Energy Expenditure Due to Physical Activity Is Not Increased to Achieve Intended Weight Loss. (2014) When and why carbohydrate restriction can be a viable option. Other goals for all groups were that the diets should include 8% or less of saturated fat, at least 20 g of dietary fiber per day, and 150 mg or less of cholesterol per 1000 kcal. 2015. Reported energy intakes and physical activity were similar among the diet groups. Niu, S. (2016) Tracking food intake as bites: Effects on cognitive resources, eating enjoyment, and self-control. Kjekshus, Juhani Knuuti, Philippe Kolh, Eli Lev, Christian Mueller, Ludwig Neyses, Peter M. (2016) Potential anti-obesity effects of a long-acting cocaine hydrolase. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116:6, 968-983. Figueredo, Etienne J. Participation in exercise was monitored by questionnaire 30 and by the online self-monitoring tool. CrossRef 179 Richard Mattes. The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins, 13-25. Ikizler, L. Siri-Tarino, Sally Chiu, Nathalie Bergeron, Ronald M. There can also be losses from drains, including nasogastric tubes. (2015) Current efforts and trends in the treatment of NASH. Crowe. (2016) Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Chronic Disease: The Case for a Long-Term Trial. Despite the intensive behavioral counseling in our study, participants had difficulty achieving the goals for macronutrient intake of their assigned group. CrossRef 9 Michelle Crino, Gary Sacks, Jason H. Barte, Jorien Veldwijk, Pedro J. Bays, W. No diet was considered to be a control diet, and the dietary counseling and the attention that we provided were the same for all diet groups throughout the study period. CrossRef 57 Lorayne Robertson, Joli Scheidler-Benns. Farrell. CrossRef 180 Michael Liebman. (2014) Management of fatty liver disease with the metabolic syndrome. (2015) Management of obesity: improvement of health-care training and systems for prevention and care. M. (2014) Diet during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain. Kabagambe. 5 kg of body weight and 0. Nonas, F. Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations. CrossRef 27 P. P. Johner, K. CrossRef 46 J. 2, and 14. Stanton. Benefits of lifestyle modification in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity: a randomized trial. Staff and participants were taught that each diet adhered to principles of a healthful diet 29 and that each had been recommended for long-term weight loss, thereby establishing equipoise. CrossRef 200 Stephen Anton, John Foreyt, Michael Perri. Hu. The study was approved by the human subjects committee at each institution and by a data and safety monitoring board appointed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Appetite. We explored the association of achieved nutrient intakes with weight loss. Genotype Modifies Effects of Weight-Loss Diets on 2-Year Changes of Central Adiposity and Body Composition: The POUNDS Lost Trial. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobilary ( hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer ), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. (2015) Effects of nutrition education on weight gain prevention: a randomized controlled trial. CrossRef 191 I-Chi Cheng, Shu-Chen Wei, Sung-Ling Yeh, Weu Wang. Krystal. Fungal illnesses, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss. H. CrossRef 161 B. Norman. Poor appetite can be a direct symptom of an illness, or an illness could make eating painful or induce nausea. Figure 2 Mean Changes in Body Weight and Waist Circumference at Various Time Points. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. CrossRef 86 Deirdre K Tobias, Mu Chen, JoAnn E Manson, David S Ludwig, Walter Willett, Frank B Hu. CrossRef 182 Mariana Verdelho Machado, Helena Cortez-Pinto. Ito, Harold E. 2 percentage points, respectively, at 2 years. Nickols-Richardson. CrossRef 188 Jeroen C. (2014) Eating patterns, diet quality and energy balance: An introduction to an international conference. J. (2015) The Influence on Population Weight Gain and Obesity of the Macronutrient Composition and Energy Density of the Food Supply. C. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, June Stevens, Victor J. Fasting blood samples, 24-hour urine samples, and measurement of resting metabolic rate were obtained on 1 day, and blood-pressure measurement on 2 days, at baseline, 6 months, and 2 years. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114, 734-760. (2014) The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture. Geiker. Williams, K. CrossRef 189 Stuart M. 1,2,26 Investigators and staff who measured outcomes were unaware of the diet assignment of the participants. (2016) Paradoxical Effects of Fruit on Obesity. CrossRef 151 Mitsuyoshi Takahara, Iichiro Shimomura. Fuss, Edward Saltzman, Susan B. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 15, 317-327. (2015) National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2. CrossRef 160 Jim Mann, Rachael McLean, Murray Skeaff, Lisa Te Morenga. Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 41-52. Ogunleye, Arya M. CrossRef 155 Emilie Daoud, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl, Andreas Bergdahl. Azrin, Denise Juliano-Bult, Gail L. Cohen, Samuel Dagogo-Jack, Jaime Davidson, Daniel Einhorn, Om Ganda, Alan Garber, W. CrossRef 150 E E J G Aller, T M Larsen, H Claus, A K Lindroos, A Kafatos, A Pfeiffer, J A Martinez, T Handjieva-Darlenska, M Kunesova, S Stender, W H M Saris, A Astrup, M A van Baak. Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat. Coffman, Stephanie Mayer, William S. Effects of Different Dietary Fibers on Sugar-Induced Blood Pressure Elevations in Hypertensive Rats: Focus on Viscosity. Levine, Stella Savarimuthu, Allison Squires, Joseph Nicholson, Melanie Jay. Kopp. CrossRef 152 O. (2016) Physical Activity and Dietary Determinants of Weight Loss Success in the US General Population. 12,24,37,38 These findings together point to behavioral factors rather than macronutrient metabolism as the main influences on weight loss. K. (2016) Nutrition Interventions for Obesity. (2014) Comparison of Weight Loss and Body Composition Changes in Morbidly Obese Taiwanese Patients with Different Bariatric Surgeries: A 1-Year Follow-up Study. CrossRef 10 Tomomi Yamazaki, Sumire Okawa, Mayumi Takahashi. Obesity research -- limitations of methods, measurements, and medications. (2016) A randomized pilot study of dietary treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. The study had a large sample, a high rate of retention, and the sensitivity to detect small changes in weight. Heath, Kim C. CrossRef 50 Deepinder Goyal, Rabindra R. (2015) Predictors of a successful medical weight loss program. 2016. Calvar, F. Slavin, Svetlana Zivanovic. 1 in the Supplementary Appendix ). CrossRef 174 Richard D. (2016) Metabolic Syndrome: An Evolving Clinical Construct. CrossRef 44 T Wang, T Huang, Y Zheng, J Rood, G A Bray, F M Sacks, L Qi. (2015) Metabolomic analysis reveals distinct profiles in the plasma and urine of rats fed a high-protein diet. Sharma. (2015) Technology-Assisted Weight Loss Interventions in Primary Care: A Systematic Review. Laitner, Michael G. Simpson, David Raubenheimer. Potential of Diet and Dietary Supplementation to Ameliorate the Chronic Clinical Perturbations of Metabolic Syndrome. Nalliah, Prashanthan Sanders. Kurland, Stefan Judex. (2015) Biologic Responses to Weight Loss and Weight Regain: Report From an American Diabetes Association Research Symposium. (2014) Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution. 2016. Nickols-Richardson. L. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45:3, 565-580. NALLIAH, PRASHANTHAN SANDERS, JONATHAN M. Protein Intake Throughout Life and Current Dietary Recommendations. (2014) Does the type of weight loss diet affect who participates in a behavioral weight loss intervention. Adherence, Diet Acceptability, Satiety, and Satisfaction Mean reported intakes at 6 months and 2 years did not reach the target levels for macronutrients ( Table 2 ). About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. We performed an intention-to-treat analysis in which long-term weight loss for persons who withdrew from the study early (after at least 6 months of participation) was imputed on the basis of a rate of 0. Strategies for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. (2016) Predictors of weight regain in patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Colombari, A. L. Maslova, T. Conclusions Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize. The population was diverse with respect to age, income, and geography and included a large percentage of men. J. CrossRef 170 N Germain, B Galusca, D Caron-Dorval, J-F Martin, E Pujos-Guillot, Y Boirie, Y Khalfallah, Y Ling, J S Minnion, S R Bloom, J Epelbaum, B Estour. Random assignments to one of four diet groups were generated by the data manager at the coordinating center on request of a study dietitian, after eligibility of a participant was confirmed. (2014) The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: Evidence from epidemiologic studies. (2016) The therapeutic potential of metabolic hormones in the treatment of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. 2014. Bazzano. He, L. Appetite. CrossRef 196 A. Urban, Sai Krupa Das. 0, 4. Calvar, F. Development of phenolic compounds encapsulation techniques as a major challenge for food industry and for health and nutrition fields. Pryor. CrossRef 132 Caroline K. (2016) Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies. CrossRef 118 O. Tan, Stephen R. Wolfe, Susan Z. Virgil Brown. L. However, attendance had a strong association with weight loss, and the association was similar across diet groups. (2016) Higher protein intake is associated with increased risk for incident end-stage renal disease among blacks with diabetes in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Stewart. I. Wood, R. M. Deane, Amarjit Saini, Colin Selman, Claire E. CrossRef 176 Edmund Huang, Michael Shye, David Elashoff, Alireza Mehrnia, Suphamai Bunnapradist. Hurt, Jithinraj Edakkanambeth Varayil, Jon O. Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 147-178. Rothstein. Siri-Tarino. (2016) Adherence to low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets in relation to weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors. Stefanadis,. S. 12 In addition, trials of low-carbohydrate diets have reported a very low incidence of urinary ketosis after 6 months, 6,8,12 suggesting that in most overweight people, it is futile to sustain a low intake of carbohydrates. (2014) Diet and lifestyle interventions on lipids: combination with genomics and metabolomics. Gordon, D. Citing Articles 1 Goreti Botelho, Sara Canas, Jorge Lameiras. R. Turner, William S. CrossRef 137 Michelle Crino, Gary Sacks, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Boyd Swinburn, Bruce Neal. CrossRef 159 Peter C. They were informed that the study would be comparing diets with different fat, protein, and carbohydrate contents and that they would be assigned a diet at random.
(2015) Concentrating carbohydrates before sleep improves feeding regulation and metabolic and inflammatory parameters in mice. (2016) The National Obesity Forum report is an opinion piece not a scientific review. A. (2016) Dietary protein from different food sources, incident metabolic syndrome and changes in its components: An 11-year longitudinal study in healthy community-dwelling adults. We view attendance at counseling sessions as a proxy for commitment to achieving weight loss and for engagement in the program. (2016) Impact of food supplementation on weight loss in randomised-controlled dietary intervention trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2014) Pre-ordering lunch at work. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the Weight Loss Maintenance randomized controlled trial. (2016) Functionality of Sugars in Foods and Health. Hollman. Obesity in the Tropics. CrossRef 105 Lee Hooper, Asmaa Abdelhamid, Diane Bunn, Tracey Brown, Carolyn D Summerbell, C Murray Skeaff, Lee Hooper. (2015) Effect of a 4-week weight maintenance diet on circulating hormone levels: implications for clinical weight loss trials. Dinani, Richard I. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as slimming. CrossRef 26 John Grizzanti, Hyoung-Gon Lee, Antoni Camins, Merce Pallas, Gemma Casadesus. 2014. CrossRef 8 Shivakumar Chitturi, Geoffrey C. Other losses: Conditions such as burns can be associated with losses such as skin exudates. De Sousa, Robert J. King, A. Bazzano. CrossRef 169 Yan Zheng, Lu Qi. The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins, 221-232. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women. CrossRef 148 Je Rossouw. Spiro, S. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. Results Participants Of 1638 participants who were screened, 811 (50%) were randomly assigned to a diet, and 645 (80% of those assigned) completed the study (i. Patients who have uremia often have poor or absent appetite, vomiting and nausea. The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content. Seimon, N. (2014) Unravelling of the health effects of polyphenols is a complex puzzle complicated by metabolism. Tucker. Carson, J. Jones, Penny Kris-Etherton, Geeta Sikand, Ralph La Forge, Stephen R. These changes in risk factors in the intention-to-treat population were about 30 to 40% smaller than the changes seen among participants who provided data at 2 years, reflecting the effect of the imputation of missing values (Table 1 in the Supplementary Appendix ). Phillips. Frongillo. Ard. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. (2014) Lifestyle Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Diet Composition, Food Provision, and Treatment Modality on Weight Loss. 2015. Lack of food can result from: poverty, difficulty in shopping or cooking, and poor quality meals. CrossRef 24 Xirong Zheng, Jing Deng, Ting Zhang, Jianzhuang Yao, Fang Zheng, Chang-Guo Zhan. House, Harold M. The principal finding is that the diets were equally successful in promoting clinically meaningful weight loss and the maintenance of weight loss over the course of 2 years. Simpson. (2015) Health Benefits of Long-Term Weight-Loss Maintenance. Seeley, Tamara Darsow, Erika Gebel Berg, Steven R. M. Conformity to cultural norms, scientific novelty, and media attention are nonbiologic reasons for the success of specific diets. (2016) Exposing the exposures responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity. M. (2014) Low carbohydrate diets: going against the grain. 2014. Yanovski. CrossRef 35 Naji Alamuddin, Thomas A. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Yancy. V. Lifestyle Issues: Diet. Goldberg, Anton Stalenhoef. CrossRef 130 E. (2015) Primary endoscopic therapies for obesity and metabolic diseases. CrossRef 131 Sanne Kellebjerg Poulsen, Charlotte Crone, Arne Astrup, Thomas Meinert Larsen. Overall, these findings with respect to adherence to macronutrient goals suggest that participants in weight-loss programs revert to their customary macronutrient intakes over time but may nonetheless be able to maintain weight loss. Ibrahim, Peter Zahradka, Carla G. 28 Several recent trials have also shown that continued contact with participants after weight loss is associated with less regain. The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years. (2015) Determinants of Weight Gain Prevention in Young Adult and Midlife Women: Study Design and Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Preventing Weight Regain after Weight Loss. Mattes. e. Ard, Gary Miller, Scott Kahan. 5 cm of waist circumference ( Figure 2 ). Caligiuri, Shyamchand Mayengbam, Naser H. (2014) Energy intake and obesity: Ingestive frequency outweighs portion size. 7, 1. Thus, the participants assigned to an average-protein or high-fat diet did not have to change their customary level of dietary protein and fat very much and could focus more on reducing dietary intake. R. Ziegler, E. (2014) New Pharmacological Treatments for the Management of Obesity. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. Perri. Sanders. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 12:9, 1640-1645. Abstract Background The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year. (2015) Dietary restriction in moderately obese rats improves body size and glucose handling without the renal and hepatic alterations observed with a high-protein diet. e18. 2015. Byrne. (2016) Metabolic syndrome, diet and exercise. (2014) Impact of dietary macronutrient distribution on BMI and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review. CrossRef 90 Shelby Sullivan, Nitin Kumar, Steven A. Measurements Body weight and waist circumference were measured in the morning before breakfast on 2 days at baseline, 6 months, and 2 years, and on a single day at 12 and 18 months. CrossRef 198 A. CrossRef 156 Anne-Thea McGill. CrossRef 178 (2014) Expert panel report: Guidelines (2013) for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Gene-Diet Interaction and Weight Management. (2014) Independent, additive effects of five dietary variables on. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A to Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. CrossRef 6 Nicola Guess. Rana, Loki Natarajan. Piepoli, Piotr Ponikowski, Per Anton Sirnes, Juan Luis Tamargo, Michal Tendera, Adam Torbicki, William Wijns, Stephan Windecker, Guy De Backer, Per Anton Sirnes, Eduardo Alegria Ezquerra, Angelo Avogaro, Lina Badimon, Elena Baranova, Helmut Baumgartner, John Betteridge, Antonio Ceriello, Robert Fagard, Christian Funck-Brentano, Dietrich C. Major criteria for exclusion were the presence of diabetes or unstable cardiovascular disease, the use of medications that affect body weight, and insufficient motivation as assessed by interview and questionnaire. Nolan-Clark. (2014) Effects of Dietary Macronutrients on Plasma Lipid Levels and the Consequence for Cardiovascular Disease. 3 kg per month of regained weight 34 and a rate of 0. Longo, Michelle Harvie. (2015) Strategies for the prevention of knee osteoarthritis. CrossRef 181 Katherine Esposito, Maria Ida Maiorino, Michela Petrizzo, Giuseppe Bellastella, Dario Giugliano. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 43:1, 145-158. (2016) NIH working group report-using genomic information to guide weight management: From universal to precision treatment. Sidney Barritt, Yvon Calmus, Olivier Scatton, Thomas Runge, Pascal Lebray, Thierry Poynard, Vlad Ratziu, Filomena Conti. Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Gallagher, H. Changes from baseline differed among the diet groups by less than 0. 2015. Carbohydrate restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective in promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids. After 12 months, all groups, on average, slowly regained body weight. CrossRef 140 B. A high-protein intake was associated with weight loss only in the high-protein groups, and a low-fat intake was associated with weight loss only in the low-fat groups. Jouret, R. CrossRef 21 W Ma, T Huang, M Wang, Y Zheng, T Wang, Y Heianza, D Sun, S R Smith, G A Bray, F M Sacks, L Qi. CrossRef 129 Tao Huang, Jinyan Huang, Qibin Qi, Yanping Li, George A. (2015) Determining how best to support overweight adults to adhere to lifestyle change: protocol for the SWIFT study. Reavis. Thus, changes in biomarkers confirmed that differences among the groups in macronutrient intake were consistent with those recorded in the dietary reports and that participants modified their intake of macronutrients in the direction of the goals, although the targets were not fully achieved. (2015) Long-term adherence to the New Nordic Diet and the effects on body weight, anthropometry and blood pressure: a 12-month follow-up study. Phipps. 5 kg at 6 months, which corresponds to a reduction in daily energy intake of approximately 225 kcal. (2016) Using a wider lens to shift the discourse on food in Canadian curriculum policies. 3 cm per month of regained waist circumference after withdrawal (see Methods in the Supplementary Appendix ). CrossRef 104 Lu Qi. (2014) Treatment options for hypertriglyceridemia: From risk reduction to pancreatitis. CrossRef 164 Deirdre Tobias, Wei Bao. Nonas, F. M. Roberts. CrossRef 127 Vlad Ratziu, Zachary Goodman, Arun Sanyal. Dr. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. A. (2016) Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment and Atrial Fibrillation: A Need for Definitive Evidence. Johnson, Nikhil V. W. Y. Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include. CrossRef 66 Patrick Wilson. Wadden. Vassy, Tanya Agurs-Collins,. (2014) Causes of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related co-morbidities Part 1: A composite unifying theory review of human-specific co-adaptations to brain energy consumption. (2015) ASGE position statement on endoscopic bariatric therapies in clinical practice. CrossRef 116 Chunlong Mu, Yuxiang Yang, Zhen Luo, Weiyun Zhu. Comparison of a low carbohydrate and low fat diet for weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults enrolled in a clinical weight management program. 11,12,19,21,26 Substantially diminished adherence after the first few months is typical in weight-loss trials 5,6,8,10-12,19,21,24,26 and occurred between 6 months and 2 years in our trial. Associations between adherence to the fat and protein goals and weight loss were also explored in post hoc analyses (see Methods in the Supplementary Appendix ). Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Bloom. (2014) Specific appetite, energetic and metabolomics responses to fat overfeeding in resistant-to-bodyweight-gain constitutional thinness. CrossRef 32 Satya Sharma, Hea Chung, Hyeon Kim, Seong Hong. A. CrossRef 80 Qibin Qi, Yan Zheng, Tao Huang, Jennifer Rood, George A. Meta-analysis: the effect of dietary counseling for weight loss. B. A randomized controlled trial of a moderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38:6, 508-554. The mean differences among the groups in fat, carbohydrate, or protein intake at 6 months were nevertheless often greater than those in several previous trials comparing diets for weight loss. Roos, Nigel K. Astrup, S. (2016) Endoscopic Devices for Obesity. 2015. CrossRef 94 Harry Preuss, Debasis Bagchi, Dallas Clouatre, Anand Swaroop, Nicholas Perricone. Mintz, Laura Schopp. (2016) Adherence to Mediterranean diet and 10-year incidence (2002-2012) of diabetes: correlations with inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in the ATTICA cohort study. Davidson, Sara Wilcox. Yancy. The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health. (2015) Dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio and added sugar as determinants of excessive gestational weight gain: a prospective cohort study. This can result from conditions that affect the digestive system. The analysis also included a comparison of two of the four diets, the diet with the lowest carbohydrate content and the diet with the highest carbohydrate content, and included a test for trend across the four levels of carbohydrates. Results of the what to eat for lunch study. F. 2016. The reported intakes represented differences from target levels of fat, protein, and carbohydrate intake of 8. Blot, T. A comparison of participants for a plant-based diet versus a standard diet trial. Behavioral counseling was integrated into the group and individual sessions to promote adherence to the assigned diets. In contrast, the participants in the high-protein or low-fat groups had more challenging dietary goals. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. Malhotra, K. W. The diets improved lipid risk factors and fasting insulin levels in the directions that would be expected on the basis of macronutrient content. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes were also analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle, with zero change from baseline imputed for missing data. 2017. CrossRef 101 Vivek Kumbhari, Andreas Oberbach, Ashish Nimgaonkar. (2015) Saturated Fats Versus Polyunsaturated Fats Versus Carbohydrates for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Hu, L. CrossRef 3 A. e19. Aronne. Driver, Neil J. Regain after 6 to 12 months was about 20% of the regain reported in earlier trials. CrossRef 168 Lu Qi. e10. Lifestyle Intervention for Resumption of Ovulation in Anovulatory Women with Obesity and Infertility. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity, 447-458. Ebeling, Kerrie M. Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Menendez, Jorge Joven. Obesity and Diabetes. (2015) Interventions to Address Medical Conditions and Health-Risk Behaviors Among Persons With Serious Mental Illness: A Comprehensive Review. Sacks, Wanda J. (2016) Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Daily meal plans in 2-week blocks were provided (see the Supplementary Appendix ). CrossRef 199 Barbara Grube, Wen-Fen Chong, Pee-Win Chong, Linda Riede. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 36:9, S6-S15. Keller. (2014) Reply: Totality of evidence needed for nutrition recommendations. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 11, 431-435. (2016) The Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Fullness: A Meta-Analysis and Its Limitations. CrossRef 59 Cinthya Wibisono, Yasmine Probst, Elizabeth Neale, Linda Tapsell. Gooding, H. Steffen, L. 2016. Rothman, Donna Ryan. A two-year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Devassy, Stephanie P. CrossRef 124 Yehuda Handelsman, Zachary Bloomgarden, George Grunberger, Guillermo Umpierrez, Robert Zimmerman, Timothy Bailey, Lawrence Blonde, George Bray, A. CrossRef 117 William H Dietz, Louise A Baur, Kevin Hall, Rebecca M Puhl, Elsie M Taveras, Ricardo Uauy, Peter Kopelman. M. Bertin, B. Mariotti. Study participants who attended two thirds of the sessions over the course of 2 years lost about 9 kg of weight. Krauss. Eating restrictions may also be imposed as part of treatment or investigations. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy 1, 74-75. A. (2015) Weight Loss Is a Useful Therapeutic Objective. (2014) A Brief Review of Critical Processes in Exercise-Induced Muscular Hypertrophy. CrossRef 7 Hans Hauner. (2015) Reducing weight in an internal medicine outpatient clinic using a lifestyle medicine approach: A proof of concept. CrossRef 193 T. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. D. CrossRef 143 Catherine J Metzgar, Sharon M Nickols-Richardson. Evans, R. Sacks is a member of the Lifestyle Working Group of the Expert Panel that interacts with the Obesity Committee. The study was powered to detect a 1. CrossRef 70 F. e1-1242. Lipworth, E. We used a generic approach to developing each diet and the instructions for following it, in order to minimize such influences. Ziegler, E. Ebbert. Participants were instructed to record their food and beverage intake in a daily food diary and in a Web-based self-monitoring tool that provided information on how closely their daily food intake met the goals for macronutrients and energy. CrossRef 73 Donevan Westerveld, Dennis Yang. Discussion In this population-based trial, participants were assigned to and taught about diets that emphasized different contents of carbohydrates, fat, and protein and were given reinforcement for 2 years through group and individual sessions. A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. 4 percentage points, respectively, at 6 months and 6. (2014) A randomized trial to manipulate the quality instead of quantity of dietary proteins to influence the markers of satiety. (NIH publication no. (2014) Dietary Patterns May Sustain Weight Loss among Adults. Feldman, C. (2016) Through Thick and Thin: Identifying Barriers to Bariatric Surgery, Weight Loss Maintenance, and Tailoring Obesity Treatment for the Future. Wingo, T. CrossRef 149 Adela Hruby, Frank B. Only two trials have reported dietary intake beyond 1 year, 12,26 and one of them provided foods to the participants. (2015) Longevity and skeletal muscle mass: the role of IGF signalling, the sirtuins, dietary restriction and protein intake. Stanner. CrossRef 91 Daniela Lucini, Giovanna Cesana, Chiara Vigo, Mara Malacarne, Massimo Pagani. Olsen. (2015) Treatment of Obesity in 2015. I. , provided a body-weight measurement at 2 years) (Fig. Data were pooled from the diets for the two factorial comparisons: low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein. (2014) Incidence of Conversion to Active Waitlist Status Among Temporarily Inactive Obese Renal Transplant Candidates. (ClinicalTrials. M. Inability to eat can result from: diminished consciousness or confusion, or physical problems affecting the arm or hands, swallowing or chewing. CrossRef 47 Yasuyuki Nakamura, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Nagako Okuda, Katsuyuki Miura, Yoshikuni Kita, Naoko Miyagawa, Katsushi Yoshita, Hideaki Nakagawa, Kiyomi Sakata, Shigeyuki Saitoh, Tomonori Okamura, Akira Okayama, Sohel R. (2016) Epigenetics and nutrition-related epidemics of metabolic diseases: Current perspectives and challenges. Mattes, Robin M. (2015) Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The role of dietary energy density in weight management. 67-kg weight loss as an effect of the level of protein or fat in the diet over the 2-year period, assuming a withdrawal rate of 40%. Craving, fullness, and hunger and diet-satisfaction scores were similar at 6 months and at 2 years among the diets (Table 2 in the Supplementary Appendix ). CrossRef 62 T. (2014) Factors associated with choice of a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet during a behavioral weight loss intervention. Bertin, B. Sainsbury, I. Hills, N. Smith, Robert Ratner. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. CrossRef 30 Xianwen Shang, David Scott, Allison Hodge, Dallas R. (2016) The Role of Macronutrient Content in the Diet for Weight Management. Astrup, N. Changes to metabolic demands can be caused by illness, surgery and organ dysfunction. ) 36 Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. (2014) The Effects of a Mediterranean Diet on the Need for Diabetes Drugs and Remission of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Rolls, R. CrossRef 111 Sigal Sofer, Abraham Eliraz, Zecharia Madar, Oren Froy. The goal for physical activity was 90 minutes of moderate exercise per week. Ludwig, C. Brook Singletary, Adeena Menasha, Clarissa Cooblall, Donald Hantula, Saul Axelrod, Vincent M. CrossRef 209 Leah T Coles, Elly A Fletcher, Claire E Galbraith, Peter M Clifton. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 1, 201-213. Thus, a low-fat intake of 25% was associated with increased weight loss in the low-fat groups but not in the high-fat groups, and a high-protein intake of 24 to 25% was associated with increased weight loss in the high-protein groups but not in the average-protein groups. Bemelmans. Prentice. Watson. CrossRef 58 David Houghton, Christopher Stewart, Christopher Day, Michael Trenell. We caution that these post hoc analyses do not have the strong validity of the main analysis of this controlled trial, which compared randomized groups. B. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38:6, 555-610. (2014) Effects of dietary factors on energy regulation: Consideration of multiple- versus single-dietary-factor models. K. Hoes, Paulus Kirchhof, Juhani Knuuti, Philippe Kolh, Patrizio Lancellotti, Ales Linhart, Petros Nihoyannopoulos, Massimo F. Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Sacks is also vice-chair of the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association, which advises the Association on nutrition topics, including those related to overweight and obesity. Yao, K. Aukema. (2014) Protein leverage and energy intake. M. Randomized trial of protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Statistical Analysis The primary outcome of the study was the change in body weight over a period of 2 years, and the secondary outcome was the change in waist circumference. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. (2015) Gene-environment interactions and obesity: recent developments and future directions. Bray, MD: Progress in Obesity—Multidisciplinary Research, Multidimensional Man. Arden. CrossRef 167 (2014) Chapter 1 Assessment and Risk Management of Menopausal Women. A. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a low glycemic index were recommended in each diet. The crucial question is whether overweight people have a better response in the long term to diets that emphasize a specific macronutrient composition. (2015) NIH working group report: Innovative research to improve maintenance of weight loss. Bethesda, MD: National Cholesterol Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 2002. The participants who completed the study had a mean weight loss of 6. Marchesini. Stone.
